International Database for Barley Genes and Barley Genetic Stocks
BGS 518, Semidwarf 1, sdw1
Stock number: BGS 518
Locus name: Semidwarf 1
Locus symbol: sdw1
Previous nomenclature and gene symbolization:
Denso dwarf = denso (7, 17).
Hordeum vulgare gibberellin 20-oxidase = Hv20ox2 (10, 11, 21).
Hordeum vulgare gibberellin 20-oxidase = Hv20ox2 (10, 11, 21).
Inheritance:
Monofactorial recessive (7, 19); some F1's are intermediate in height (1, 13).
Location in chromosome 3HL (2, 14); sdw1.d is probably proximal from the gsh2 (glossy sheath 2) locus and near RFLP marker PSR170 (14); sdw1.d is in bin 3H-11 (12); sdw1.d is near RFLP marker R1545 (22); sdw1.d is close to SNP marker 1_0867 (15); sdw1.a is associated with SNP markers 1_0044 to 2_0650 (positions about 190 to 192.00 cM) in 3H bin 12 of the Bowman backcross-derived line BW827 (4); sdw1.d is associated with SNP markers 2_0023 to 1_0821 (positions 169.94 to 190.87 cM) in 3H bins 11 and 12 of the Bowman backcross-derived line BW828 (4), in 3H bin 12.
Location in chromosome 3HL (2, 14); sdw1.d is probably proximal from the gsh2 (glossy sheath 2) locus and near RFLP marker PSR170 (14); sdw1.d is in bin 3H-11 (12); sdw1.d is near RFLP marker R1545 (22); sdw1.d is close to SNP marker 1_0867 (15); sdw1.a is associated with SNP markers 1_0044 to 2_0650 (positions about 190 to 192.00 cM) in 3H bin 12 of the Bowman backcross-derived line BW827 (4); sdw1.d is associated with SNP markers 2_0023 to 1_0821 (positions 169.94 to 190.87 cM) in 3H bins 11 and 12 of the Bowman backcross-derived line BW828 (4), in 3H bin 12.
Description:
Plants homozygous for the sdw1.a gene ranged from 10 to 30 cm shorter than normal sibs, with expression partial dependent on environment (1, 18, 20). Spike length was variable, but fully as long as normal barley. The stock used for description of the sdw1.a gene, M21, has the short straw and long spike of the original 'Jotun Mutant' as well as a large culm diameter from its parent 'Vantage' (1, 20). The semidwarf mutants, 'Diamant' and ‘Abed Denso’, are alleles at the sdw1 locus (7, 16). Alleles at the sdw1 locus are associated with semi-prostrate juvenile growth (7, 18), delayed maturity (5, 7, 8, 18, 22), smaller grain size (7), and reduced malt quality (5, 8, 18). The sdw1 mutants are GA sensitive (3, 23). They are very likely mutants in an orthologue of the rice sd1 gene (23), which encodes a GA-oxidase that produces lower levels of GA and reduced levels of cause the dwarf phenotype (9, 17). A gibberellin 20-oxidase gene (Hv20ox2) was identified as the candidate gene for sdw1 (10, 11). The reduced expression of Hv20ox2 increased the number of effective tillers and enhanced grain yield (11, 21). The reduction in Hv20ox2 levels was 4-fold in the sdw1.d mutant and 60-fold in the sdw1.a mutant which causes a reduced endogenous GAs concentration and delayed heading (11). Plants of the Bowman backcross-derived line for sdw1.a, BW827, were 15 to 30% shorter than Bowman, heading was delayed 1 to 3 days,. and spikes had 1 to 2 more kernels in some trials. Kernels of BW827 and BW828 were up to 10% lighter than Bowman kernels in some trials. Grain yields of BW828 were similar to those of Bowman, while those of BW827 were about 85% of the Bowman yields (6). The QTL for sdw1.d co-located with QTL for yield, plant height, development score, hectoliter weight and grain plumpness (11).
 plant just at heading time to the left compared with normal Bowman'))
 plant at early development stage to the left compared with normal Bowman'))
 plant before maturity time to the left compared with normal Bowman'))
Origin of mutant:
An X-ray induced mutant in the Norwegian cultivar Jotun (NGB 466, PI 467357) isolated as Jotun 22 by Knut Mikaelsen (1, 13).
Mutational events:
sdw1.a (66/86, GSHO 1414) in Jotun (NGB 466, PI 467357) (20); sdw1.c (denso) in Abed Denso (PI 361639) (7); sdw1.d (Diamant, PI 330397, PI 467775) in Valticky (PI 268173) (7); sdw1.e (Risø no. 9265) in Abed Bomi (NGB 5096, PI 43371) (7, 9). Some cultivars demonstrated to have the sdw1.a and sdw1.d alleles listed in Xu et al. (21). Note that the denso name was original assigned to the sdw1.c mutant (7), but sdw1.d mutant from Diamant is the only allele present in cultivars described as having the denso semidwarf (21).
Mutant used for description and seed stocks:
sdw1.a in M21 (CIho 15481, GSHO 2513) from the cross Jotun Mutant/Kindred// Vantage (20); sdw1.d in Trumpf (Triumph, PI 548762, GSHO 2465) from Diamant; sdw1.a from a Jotun derivative in Bowman (PI 483237)*7 (GSHO 1978), sdw1.a in Bowman*8 (BW827, NGB 22264); sdw1.d from Trumpf in Bowman*4 (GSHO 1979), sdw1.d in Bowman*5 (BW828, NGB 22265).
References:
1. Ali, M.A.M., O. Okiror, and D.C. Rasmusson. 1978. Performance of semidwarf barley. Crop Sci. 18:418-422.
2. Barau, U.M., K.J. Chambers, W.T.B. Thomas, C.A. Hackett, V. Lea, P. Jack, B.P. Forster, R. Waugh, and W. Powell. 1994. Molecular mapping of genes determining height, time to heading, and growth habit in barley (Hordeum vulgare). Genome 36:1080-1087.
3. Boulger, M.C., R.G. Sears, and W.E. Kronstad. 1982. An investigation of the association between dwarfing sources and gibberellic acid response in barley. p. 550-553. In M.J.C. Asher, R.P. Ellis, A.M. Hayter, and R.N.H. Whitehouse (eds.) Barley Genetics IV. Proc. Fourth Int. Barley Genet. Symp., Edinburgh. Edinburgh Univ. Press, Edinburgh.
4. Druka, A., J. Franckowiak, U. Lundqvist, N. Bonar, J. Alexander, K. Houston, S. Radovic, F. Shahinnia, V. Vendramin, M. Morgante, N. Stein, and R. Waugh. 2011. Genetic dissection of barley morphology and development. Plant Physiol. 155:617-627.
5. Foster, A.E., and A.P. Thompson. 1987. Effects of a semidwarf gene from Jotun on agronomic and quality traits of barley. p. 979-982. In S. Yasuda and T. Konishi (eds.) Barley Genetics V. Proc. Fifth Int. Barley Genet. Symp., Okayama, 1986. Sanyo Press Co., Okayama.
6. Franckowiak, J.D. (Unpublished).
7. Haahr, V., and D. von Wettstein. 1976. Studies of an induced, high-yielding dwarf-mutant of spring barley. p. 215-218. In H. Gaul (ed.) Barley Genetics III, Proc. Third Int. Barley Genet. Symp., Garching, 1975. Verlag Karl Thiemig, München.
8. Hellewell, K.B., D.C. Rasmusson, M. Gallo-Meagher. 2000. Enhancing yield of semidwarf barley. Crop Sci. 40:352-358.
9. Jia, Q., C. Li, Y. Shang, J. Zhu, W. Hua, J. Wang, J. Yang, and G. Zhang. 2015. Molecular characterization and functional analysis of barley semi-dwarf mutant Riso no. 9265. BMC Genomics 16: 927.
10. Jia, Q.J., J. Zhang, S. Westcott, X.Q. Zhang, M. Bellgard, R. Lance, and C.G. Li. 2009. GA-20 oxidase as a candidate for the semidwarf gene sdw1/denso in barley. Funct. Integr. Genomics 9:255-262.
11. Jia, Q., X.Q. Zhang, S. Westcott, S. Broughton, M. Cakir, J. Yang, R. Lance, and C. Li. 2011. Expression level of a gibberellin 20-oxidase gene is associated with multiple agronomic and quality traits in barley. Theor. Appl. Genet. 122:1451-1460.
12. Kleinhofs, A. 2006. Integrating molecular and morphological/physiological marker maps. Barley Genet. Newsl. 36:66-82.
13. Lambert, J.W., and M. Shafi. 1959. Inheritance and heritability of height in three barley crosses. Barley Newsl. 3:7-8. (Abstr.)
14. Laurie, D.A., N. Pratchett, C. Romero, E. Simpson, and J.W. Snape. 1993. Assignment of the denso dwarfing gene to the long arm of chromosome 3 (3H) of barley by use of RFLP markers. Plant Breed. 111:198-203.
15. Malosetti, M., F.A. van Eeuwijk, M.P. Boer, A.M. Casas, M. Elía, M. Moralejo, P.R. Bhat, L. Ramsay, and J.-L. Molina-Cano. 2011. Gene and QTL detection in a three-way barley cross under selection by a mixed model with kinship information using SNPs. Theor. Appl. Genet. 122:1605-1616.
16. Mickelson, H.R., and D.C. Rasmusson. 1994. Genes for short stature in barley. Crop Sci. 34:1180-1183.
17. Murai, M., T. Komazaki, and S. Sato. 2004. Effects of sd1 and Ur1 (Undulate rachis -1) on lodging resistance and related traits in rice. Breed. Sci. 54: 333-340.
18. Powell, W., P.D.J. Caligari, W.T.B. Thomas, and J.L. Jinks. 1985. The effects of major genes on quantitatively varying characters in barley. 2. The denso and day length response loci. Heredity 54:349-352.
19. Powell, W., P.D.J. Caligari, W.T.B. Thomas, and J.L. Jinks. 1991. The effects of major genes on quantitatively varying characters in barley. 4. The GPert and denso loci and quality characters. Heredity 66:381-389.
20. Rasmusson, D.C., E.E. Banttari, and J.W. Lambert. 1973. Registration of M21 and M22 semidwarf barley. Crop Sci. 13:777
21. Xu, Y., Q. Jia, G. Zhou, X.-Q. Zhang, T. Angessa, S. Broughton, G. Yan, W. Zhang, and C. Li.. 2017. Characterization of the sdw1 semi-dwarf gene in barley. BMC Plant Biology 17:11.
22. Yin, X., P.C. Struik, F.A. van Eeuwijk, P. Stam, and J. Tang. 2005. QTL analysis and QTL-based prediction of flowering phenology in recombinant inbred lines of barley (http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=18&did=818458691&SrchMode=3&sid=2&Fmt=10&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1183339531&clientId=62902&aid=1). J. Exp. Bot. 56:967-976.
23. Zhang, J., X. Yang, P. Moolhuijzen, C. Li, M. Bellgard, R. Lance, and R. Appels. 2005. Towards isolation of the barley green revolution gene. Proc. Australian Barley Tech. Symp 2005. http://www.cdesign.com.au/proceedings_abts2005/posters%20(pdf)/poster_li.pdf (http://www.cdesign.com.au/proceedings_abts2005/posters%20(pdf)/poster_li.pdf)
24.http://www.cdesign.com.au/proceedings_abts2005/posters%20(pdf)/poster_li.pdf. .
2. Barau, U.M., K.J. Chambers, W.T.B. Thomas, C.A. Hackett, V. Lea, P. Jack, B.P. Forster, R. Waugh, and W. Powell. 1994. Molecular mapping of genes determining height, time to heading, and growth habit in barley (Hordeum vulgare). Genome 36:1080-1087.
3. Boulger, M.C., R.G. Sears, and W.E. Kronstad. 1982. An investigation of the association between dwarfing sources and gibberellic acid response in barley. p. 550-553. In M.J.C. Asher, R.P. Ellis, A.M. Hayter, and R.N.H. Whitehouse (eds.) Barley Genetics IV. Proc. Fourth Int. Barley Genet. Symp., Edinburgh. Edinburgh Univ. Press, Edinburgh.
4. Druka, A., J. Franckowiak, U. Lundqvist, N. Bonar, J. Alexander, K. Houston, S. Radovic, F. Shahinnia, V. Vendramin, M. Morgante, N. Stein, and R. Waugh. 2011. Genetic dissection of barley morphology and development. Plant Physiol. 155:617-627.
5. Foster, A.E., and A.P. Thompson. 1987. Effects of a semidwarf gene from Jotun on agronomic and quality traits of barley. p. 979-982. In S. Yasuda and T. Konishi (eds.) Barley Genetics V. Proc. Fifth Int. Barley Genet. Symp., Okayama, 1986. Sanyo Press Co., Okayama.
6. Franckowiak, J.D. (Unpublished).
7. Haahr, V., and D. von Wettstein. 1976. Studies of an induced, high-yielding dwarf-mutant of spring barley. p. 215-218. In H. Gaul (ed.) Barley Genetics III, Proc. Third Int. Barley Genet. Symp., Garching, 1975. Verlag Karl Thiemig, München.
8. Hellewell, K.B., D.C. Rasmusson, M. Gallo-Meagher. 2000. Enhancing yield of semidwarf barley. Crop Sci. 40:352-358.
9. Jia, Q., C. Li, Y. Shang, J. Zhu, W. Hua, J. Wang, J. Yang, and G. Zhang. 2015. Molecular characterization and functional analysis of barley semi-dwarf mutant Riso no. 9265. BMC Genomics 16: 927.
10. Jia, Q.J., J. Zhang, S. Westcott, X.Q. Zhang, M. Bellgard, R. Lance, and C.G. Li. 2009. GA-20 oxidase as a candidate for the semidwarf gene sdw1/denso in barley. Funct. Integr. Genomics 9:255-262.
11. Jia, Q., X.Q. Zhang, S. Westcott, S. Broughton, M. Cakir, J. Yang, R. Lance, and C. Li. 2011. Expression level of a gibberellin 20-oxidase gene is associated with multiple agronomic and quality traits in barley. Theor. Appl. Genet. 122:1451-1460.
12. Kleinhofs, A. 2006. Integrating molecular and morphological/physiological marker maps. Barley Genet. Newsl. 36:66-82.
13. Lambert, J.W., and M. Shafi. 1959. Inheritance and heritability of height in three barley crosses. Barley Newsl. 3:7-8. (Abstr.)
14. Laurie, D.A., N. Pratchett, C. Romero, E. Simpson, and J.W. Snape. 1993. Assignment of the denso dwarfing gene to the long arm of chromosome 3 (3H) of barley by use of RFLP markers. Plant Breed. 111:198-203.
15. Malosetti, M., F.A. van Eeuwijk, M.P. Boer, A.M. Casas, M. Elía, M. Moralejo, P.R. Bhat, L. Ramsay, and J.-L. Molina-Cano. 2011. Gene and QTL detection in a three-way barley cross under selection by a mixed model with kinship information using SNPs. Theor. Appl. Genet. 122:1605-1616.
16. Mickelson, H.R., and D.C. Rasmusson. 1994. Genes for short stature in barley. Crop Sci. 34:1180-1183.
17. Murai, M., T. Komazaki, and S. Sato. 2004. Effects of sd1 and Ur1 (Undulate rachis -1) on lodging resistance and related traits in rice. Breed. Sci. 54: 333-340.
18. Powell, W., P.D.J. Caligari, W.T.B. Thomas, and J.L. Jinks. 1985. The effects of major genes on quantitatively varying characters in barley. 2. The denso and day length response loci. Heredity 54:349-352.
19. Powell, W., P.D.J. Caligari, W.T.B. Thomas, and J.L. Jinks. 1991. The effects of major genes on quantitatively varying characters in barley. 4. The GPert and denso loci and quality characters. Heredity 66:381-389.
20. Rasmusson, D.C., E.E. Banttari, and J.W. Lambert. 1973. Registration of M21 and M22 semidwarf barley. Crop Sci. 13:777
21. Xu, Y., Q. Jia, G. Zhou, X.-Q. Zhang, T. Angessa, S. Broughton, G. Yan, W. Zhang, and C. Li.. 2017. Characterization of the sdw1 semi-dwarf gene in barley. BMC Plant Biology 17:11.
22. Yin, X., P.C. Struik, F.A. van Eeuwijk, P. Stam, and J. Tang. 2005. QTL analysis and QTL-based prediction of flowering phenology in recombinant inbred lines of barley (http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=18&did=818458691&SrchMode=3&sid=2&Fmt=10&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1183339531&clientId=62902&aid=1). J. Exp. Bot. 56:967-976.
23. Zhang, J., X. Yang, P. Moolhuijzen, C. Li, M. Bellgard, R. Lance, and R. Appels. 2005. Towards isolation of the barley green revolution gene. Proc. Australian Barley Tech. Symp 2005. http://www.cdesign.com.au/proceedings_abts2005/posters%20(pdf)/poster_li.pdf (http://www.cdesign.com.au/proceedings_abts2005/posters%20(pdf)/poster_li.pdf)
24.http://www.cdesign.com.au/proceedings_abts2005/posters%20(pdf)/poster_li.pdf. .
Prepared:
D.C. Rasmusson. 1988. Barley Genet. Newsl. 18:87 as BGS 468.
Revised:
J.D. Franckowiak. 1997. Barley Genet. Newsl. 26:444-445.
J.D. Franckowiak. 2007. Barley Genet. Newsl. 37:277-278.
J.D. Franckowiak. 2011. Barley Genet. Newsl. 41:176-178.
J.D. Franckowiak. 2017. Barley Genet. Newsl. 47:168-170.
J.D. Franckowiak. 2007. Barley Genet. Newsl. 37:277-278.
J.D. Franckowiak. 2011. Barley Genet. Newsl. 41:176-178.
J.D. Franckowiak. 2017. Barley Genet. Newsl. 47:168-170.
